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Bone mineral density (BMD) is a measure of the amount of minerals (primarily calcium and phosphorus) present in a specific volume of bone. It is used as an indicator of bone strength and health. Higher bone mineral density typically indicates stronger bones, which are less likely to break, while lower BMD can suggest osteoporosis or osteopenia, conditions that increase the risk of fractures.

BMD is usually measured using a special type of X-ray called dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA). The results help doctors assess the risk of fractures and diagnose bone conditions. It is especially important for older adults, postmenopausal women, and individuals at risk for bone loss.